|
|
1. INTRODUCTION TO MODELING AND EMC
2. SYSTEM DECOMPOSITION FOR EMC MODELING
3. LUMPED-PARAMETER CIRCUIT MODELS
4. RADIATION MODELS FOR WIRE ANTENNAS
5. RADIATION, DIFFRACTION AND SCATTERING MODELS FOR APER
7. FIELD COUPLING USING TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
8. EFFECTS OF A LOSSY GROUND ON TRANSMISSION LINES
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LIST OF ACRONYMS
PART 1 -- PRELIMINARIES
1. INTRODUCTION TO MODELING AND EMC
1.2 VALIDATION OF MODELS
1.2.1 Example of Experimental Model Validation
1.2.2 Model Validation Using Non-Experimental Methods
1.3 BUILDING MODELS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS
1.4 EMC MODELING: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
1.5 CONSIDERATIONS FOR EMC MODELING
1.5.1 Classification of EMC Problems
1.5.2 EMC Problems Amenable to Modeling
1.5.3 Types of Signals in EMC Models
1.6 WHO IS USING MODELING AND TO WHOM IS MODELING USEFUL
CHAPTER 1 REFERENCES
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 1
2.1.1 System Design Phase
2.1.2 System Construction Phase
2.1.3 EMC Verification
2.1.3.2 Emission Testing
2.2 TOPOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS
2.2.1 Electromagnetic Topology
2.2.1.2 Electromagnetic Energy Points of Entry
2.2.1.3 EMC Design
2.3 MODELING ACCURACY
2.3.1 Errors Inherent in the Analysis
2.3.2 Balanced Accuracy of Analysis
CHAPTER 2 REFERENCES
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 2
3. LUMPED-PARAMETER CIRCUIT MODELS
3.2 CONDUCTED DISTURBANCES IN CIRCUITS
3.2.1 Thévenin and Norton Representations
3.2.2 Models for Passive Two-Port Circuits
3.2.2.2 Short-circuit Admittance Parameters
3.2.2.3 Chain Parameters
3.2.2.4 Two-Port Parameter Relationships
3.2.2.5 Other Two-Port Representations
3.2.4 Treatment of Multiport Circuits
3.2.5 Example of Conducted Disturbances in Electrical Power Systems
3.2.5.2 Determination of the Mains Impedance
3.2.5.3 Estimation of the Harmonic Current Source
3.3.1 Magnetic Field Coupling
3.3.1.2 Calculation of Mutual and Self Inductances
3.3.2.2 Calculation of Mutual and Self Capacitances
3.3.5 Specific Measures To Reduce Capacitive Coupling
3.3.5.2 Discussion
3.4 DISTURBANCES CAUSED BY COMMON GROUND RETURNS
3.5 EXTENSION OF CIRCUIT MODELING TO HIGH FREQUENCIES
CHAPTER 3 REFERENCES
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 3
4. RADIATION MODELS FOR WIRE ANTENNAS
4.2 RADIATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN
4.2.1 Overview
4.2.2 Radiation from Elementary Sources
4.2.2.2 Magnetic Dipole
4.2.3.2 Integral Equation for the Wire Antenna
4.2.3.2.2 Approximate Solution for the Antenna problem
4.2.4.2 Electric Dipoles in a Parallel-Plate Region
4.2.4.3 Electric Dipoles in a Cavity
4.2.4.3.2 Eigenmode Solution
4.2.4.5 Electric Dipoles over an Imperfectly Conducting Earth
4.3 RECEPTION AND SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN THE FRCY DOMAIN
4.3.1 General Considerations
4.3.2 Approximate Solution for the Thin Wire
4.3.2.2 Scattered Field
4.4.1 Overview
4.4.2 The Integrodifferential Equation
4.4.3 Extension to a Wire over a Lossy the Ground
4.4.4 Numerical Solution for the EFIE for Thin Wires in the Time Domain
4.5 SINGULARITY EXPANSION METHOD
4.5.1 Background
4.5.2 Mathematical Description of SEM
4.5.3 SEM Representation of the Antenna Current
4.5.4 SEM Representation of the Scattering Current
4.5.5 SEM Representation of the Radiated Fields
4.5.6 SEM Representation of Scattered Fields
4.5.7 Example of SEM Applied to the Approximate Antenna Analysis
4.5.7.2 Induced Current for the Scattering Problem
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 4
5.2 EM FIELD PENETRATION THROUGH APERTURES
5.2.1 Scalar Diffraction Theory
5.2.1.2 Dirichlet Solution
5.2.1.3 Neumann Solution
5.2.1.4 Discussion of the Scalar Solutions
5.2.1.4.2 Circular Aperture
5.2.2.2 Application to the Aperture Penetration Problem
5.3 RADIATION FROM EXTENDED ANTENNAS
5.4 THE LOW FREQUENCY APPROXIMATION
5.4.1 Dipole Moments
5.4.2 Aperture Polarizabilities
5.5.1 Wideband Responses
5.5.2 Direct Time-Domain Calculations
CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 5
PART 4 -- TRANSMISSION LINE MODELS
6.1.1 Lumped and Distributed Circuit Parameters
6.1.2 Lumped and Distributed Excitations
6.1.4 Transmission Line and Antenna Mode Responses
6.1.5 Telegrapher's Equations for a Two-Conductor System
6.2.1 Solution of the Telegrapher's Equations for a Two-Conductor Line
6.2.1.2 Other Two-Port Representations for the Two-Wire Line
6.2.1.3 Applications of Two-Port Representations
6.2.1.4 The P and T Equivalent Circuits of the Two-Wire Line
6.2.3 Terminated Lines: The Voltage Reflection Coefficient
6.2.4 General Solution for a Terminated Line
6.2.5.2 Example of Frequency-Domain Voltage Response of a Line
6.2.5.3 Validation of the Transmission Line Models
6.2.6.2 Natural Propagation Modes
6.2.6.3 Diagonalization of the [P] and [R] Matrices
6.2.6.4 Modal Voltages and Currents
6.2.6.5 Solution of the Modal Equations
6.2.6.6 Calculation of the Propagation Matrix and Diagonalization Matrix Elements
6.2.6.7 Open-Circuit Voltage of a Semi-Infinite Multiconductor Line Excited by a Voltage22
6.2.6.8 Simplified Modeling by the Equal-Velocity Assumption
6.2.9 Example of the Use of Multiconductor Line Models
6.3 TIME-DOMAIN TRANSMISSION LINE RESPONSES
6.3.1 Time-Harmonic Excitation
6.3.2 Nonsinusoidal Traveling Waves
6.3.3 Analytical Transformation from the Frequency Domain to the Time Domain
6.3.4 Numerical Transformation of the Solution from the Frequency to the Time Domain
6.3.5 Numerical Solution of the Telegrapher’s Equations in the Time Domain
6.3.6 Inductive and Capacitive Terminations in the Time Domain
6.3.7 Bergeron's Graphical Solution in the Time Domain
6.3.7.2 Numerical Application of Bergeron's Method
6.3.7.3 Solution of the Nodal Matrix Equation
6.3.7.4 Example: Transient State of a Circuit after Closing Two Interrupters
6.3.8.2 Modeling of a Test Installation with Two Parallel Lines
6.4.1 Inductance Measurement
6.4.2 Analytical Inductance Evaluation
6.4.2.2 Mutual Inductance per Unit Length
6.4.2.3 Self Inductance per Unit Length
6.4.2.4 Mutual and Self-Inductances of Lines with the Earth as a Return Conductor
6.5.1 Measurement of the Capacitance Parameters
6.5.2 Analytical Capacitance Evaluation
6.5.2.2 Static Capacitances
6.5.3.2 Transmission Lines in Nonhomogeneous Media
6.5.3.3 Use of the Finite Element Method to Calculate Partial Capacitances
6.5.3.4 Integral Equation Evaluation of the Per-Unit-Length Capacitance Matrix
6.5.3.5 Capacitance Calculation Using Inductance Values
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 6
7.2 TWO-WIRE TRANSMISSION LINE
7.2.1 Derivation of the Telegrapher’s Equations with an External Excitation
7.2.1.2 Second Telegrapher’s Equation
7.2.1.3 Modification of the Telegrapher’s Equations for a Finitely Conducting Wire
7.2.1.4 Modification for a Lossy Medium Surrounding the Line
7.2.2.2 Scattered Voltage Formulation
7.2.2.3 Numerical Example of the Two Formulations
7.2.4 Solution for the Load Currents and Voltages: The BLT Equation
7.2.5 Load Responses for Plane-Wave Excitation
7.2.6 Examples of Line Responses
7.2.6.2 Transient Response
7.3.1 Derivation of the Telegrapher’s Equations
7.3.1.2 Scattered Voltage Formulation
7.3.1.3 Comments on the Line Excitation from an EM Scattering Viewpoint
7.3.1.4 Modifications of the Telegrapher’s Equations
7.3.5 Load Response for a Non-Plane-Wave Excitation
7.4 TREATMENT OF HIGHLY RESONANT STRUCTURES
7.4.1 Single-Wire Line
7.4.1.2 Expansion of the BLT Resonance Matrix
7.5 RADIATION FROM TRANSMISSION LINES
7.5.1 Reciprocity Theorem
7.5.2 Radiating Transmission Line
7.5.3 Example of the Radiation from a Transmission Line
7.6 TRANSMISSION NETWORKS
7.6.1 Network Analysis by Thévenin Transformations
7.7 TRANSMISSION LINES WITH NONLINEAR LOADS
7.7.1 Volterra Integral Equation
7.7.2 Example of a Single Transmission Line with a Nonlinear Load Impedance
CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 7
8.2 DERIVATION OF THE TELEGRAPHER EQUATIONS
8.2.1 Total Voltage Formulation
8.2.1.2 Second Telegrapher’s Equation
8.2.3 Termination Conditions
8.2.3.2 Ground Impedance
8.3 PER-UNIT-LENGTH LINE PARAMETERS
8.3.1 Equivalent Circuit for the Line
8.3.2 Frequency-Domain Representations for the Ground Impedance
8.3.3 Time-Domain Representation of the Ground Impedance
8.4 REFLECTED AND TRANSMITTED PLANE-WAVE FIELDS
8.4.1 Plane-Wave Reflection and Transmission from the Earth
8.4.1.2 Excitation Fields for a Transmission Line
8.4.2.2 Direct Evaluation of the Transient Reflected E-Field
8.5.1 Variations in Earth Conductivity
8.5.2 Variations with Angle of Incidence
8.5.3 Variations with Line Height
8.6 BURIED CABLES
8.6.1 Summary of Rigorous Solution
8.6.1.2 Soil Impedance
8.6.1.3 Cable Impedance
8.6.1.4 Solution for the Current
8.6.3 Additional Simplifications to the TL Solution
8.6.4 Example of Current Responses on an Infinite Buried Cable
8.6.5 Application to Buried Lines of Finite Length
CHAPTER 8 REFERENCES
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 8
PART 5 -- SHIELDING MODELS
9.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF CABLE SHIELD COUPLING
9.2.1 Definitions of Transfer Impedance and Transfer Admittance
9.2.2 Relative Importance of Z't and Y't
9.3 EM COUPLING THROUGH A SOLID TUBULAR SHIELD
9.3.1 Transfer Impedance
9.3.2 Transfer Admittance
9.4 MODELS FOR BRAIDED SHIELDS
9.4.1 EM Field Penetration and Diffraction into Braided Shields
9.4.2 Single Aperture Excitation
9.4.3 Multiple Apertures
9.4.4 Expressions for the Aperture Polarizabilities
9.4.5 Shield Transfer Characteristics in Terms of Braid Weave Parameters
9.4.5.2 Transfer Admittance
9.4.5.3 Dielectric Filling in the Cable
9.4.5.4 Comparison with Measurements
9.4.6.2 Demoulin’s model
9.4.6.3 Kley’s model
9.4.6.4 Comparison of Demoulin's and Kley's models
9.4.8 Alternate Expression for the Transfer Admittance of Braided Shields
9.5 CALCULATED RESPONSES OF A BRAIDED CABLE
9.5.1 External Transmission Line
9.5.2 Internal Excitation Sources
9.5.3 Internal Load Responses
9.5.4 Numerical Example of a Shielded Cable System
9.6 CABLES WITH SHIELD INTERRUPTIONS
9.6.1 Introduction
9.6.2 Cable Connectors
9.6.3 Pigtail Terminations
9.6.4 Discontinuous Shields
9.6.5 Example of an Interrupted Cable Shield
CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 9
10.2 GENERALIZED SHIELD CONCEPT
10.3 SHIELDING MECHANISMS
10.3.1 Shielding of Static Fields
10.3.1.2 Magnetostatic Shielding
10.3.2.2 Skin Effect and Skin Depth
10.3.2.3 Plane-Wave Shielding by an Infinite Metal Plate
10.3.2.4 Plane-Wave Shielding by Two Infinite Parallel Plates
10.3.2.5 Plane-Wave Shielding by A Conducting Mesh
10.4 VOLUMETRIC SHIELDS
10.4.1 The Closed, Homogeneous Metal Shield
10.4.1.1.2 Limitations of the Shielding Expressions
10.4.1.1.3 Examples of the H-Field Shielding Effectiveness
10.4.1.1.4 Determination of the E-Field Shielding Effectiveness
10.5.1 Overview of Near-Field Shielding
10.5.2 Shielding Between Two Circular Loops
CHAPTER 10 REFERENCES
PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 10
Appendix B: Vector Analysis and Functions
Appendix C: Per-Unit-Length Line Parameters
Appendix D: Grounding Resistance Parameters
Appendix E: Coaxial Cable and Connector Data
Appendix F: Computer Software
F2 RISER Transmission Line Coupling Code
F3 LTLINE Transmission Line Code
F4 TOTALFLD Field Code
Author Biographies